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martes 19 de diciembre de 2006

Historia de Jaén

La investigación arqueológica ha puesto de relieve que estamos ante una de las ciudades más antiguas de la península. Y es que en el entorno de la actual capital de la provincia, hacia final del Neolítico, existían varias aldeas dispersas: Puente Tablas, Huerto Berenguer y Marroquíes Bajos. De todas ellas, fue esta última la que agrupó a todas las demás en un enclave que entre el 2500 el 2000 a.C. alcanzó su máxima extensión. Este asentamiento de Marroquíes Bajos, de cuyo núcleo central hay restos en la zona norte de la ciudad moderna, se organizaba en cinco círculos concéntricos. Estos anillos estaban delimitados por fosos excavados que canalizaban el agua que llegaba desde las faldas del monte para luego distribuirse en el interior de los anillos hasta las viviendas. Se trata de una de las obras de ingeniería más antiguas de las que se tiene noticia. El enclave fue fortificado en torno al 2450 a.C.

POBLADO DE LOS MARROQUIES BAJOS

En el siglo IX a.C. la población se concentró en el oppidum de Plaza de Armas de Puente Tablas. Allí se registró un fenómeno también notable, como es el de la planificación urbana, con un diseño de ciudad de trazado ortogonal. En el siglo IV antes de nuestra era, hubo un nuevo trasvase de población, esta vez hacia el cerro de Santa Catalina que es donde finalmente se originó la ciudad de Jaén.

Las fuentes históricas hablan de una ciudad espléndidamente defendida, que fue elegida por el cartaginés Asdrúbal Barca como centro de sus operaciones. Los autores griegos y romanos la llamaron Oringis o Auringis. En el 207 a.C. fue tomada por Lucio Escipión, que inició el proceso de romanización culminado con el decreto de Vespasiano que la declaró Municipio Flavio Aurgitano.

El dominio de Roma se tradujo en multitud de obras públicas. También se transformó el paisaje agrario con una parcelación geométrica del territorio.

Un hecho marcó la evolución de la ciudad musulmana: Abd al-Rahman II trasladó la capital de la cora desde La Guardia (Mentesa) a Yayyan (Jaén). El traslado fue acompañado de un ambicioso programa de obras oficiales, entre las que destacan la mezquita, una alcazaba en el cerro o la conducción de aguas del manantial de la Magdalena. Como prueba de su prosperidad, la ciudad contaba con cinco baños, de los que se han localizado dos.


BAÑOS ARABES


Conforme los ejércitos cristianos avanzaban sobre el Guadalquivir, Jaén sufrió varios asedios, pero sin ser tomada. Finalmente, en 1234 el rey nazarí de Granada Ibn al-Ahmar, se declaró vasallo de Fernando III, le entregó la ciudad y se comprometió a pagar un tributo.
Se convirtió así la ciudad en una plaza fronteriza de primer orden. El rey castellano trasladó hasta Jaén la sede del obispado, hasta entonces en Baeza, y la ciudad incrementó su pujanza como avanzada en "tierra de moros". Enrique II le concedió la leyenda que orla su escudo "Muy noble, famosa y leal ciudad de Jaén, guarda y defendimiento de los reinos de Castilla".

La etapa medieval se caracteriza en la ciudad por las continuas luchas. Y no sólo contra el Reino de Granada. Fueron constantes las pugnas de la nobleza, especialmente en el reinado de Enrique IV, al residir en ella el Condestable de Castilla, Miguel Lucas de Iranzo, uno de los más firmes partidarios del rey.

IGLESIA DE SAN ILDEFONSO

A pesar de ello, en los comienzos de la Edad Moderna, Jaén se había convertido en una de las grandes ciudades del reino castellano. En 1587 tenía cerca de 6.000 vecinos que vivían principalmente de la agricultura. Había también un destacado sector artesanal.
La prosperidad se truncó en el siglo XVII. Comenzó un paulatino declive que obedece a múltiples factores: enfrentamientos entre la nobleza, recesión económica, epidemias y plagas, hambrunas, pérdida de población, ...

Una situación que se intenta invertir con la creación, en el siglo XVIII, de la Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País que, entre sus objetivos destaca los de recuperar la agricultura, la industria, la enseñanza y otros de utilidad pública.


CATEDRAL

En 1833, la división territorial del país fijó la capitalidad de la provincia en Jaén, una ciudad con una endeble economía basada en la actividad agraria, la administración y los servicios.
Hoy la ciudad intenta mirar al futuro como principal centro oleícola del país y con una joven y pujante Universidad. Mejoras de las comunicaciones (linea de AVE, autovías y aeropuerto).

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